The Role of Mental Set in Classroom Management Essay - 15

The Role of Mental Set in Classroom Management - Essay Example Mental set helps teachers to cultivate stance in relation to the classroom. Teachers can come up with solutions quickly in a classroom situation. For example, when children disrupt the classroom the teacher acts fast because he or she has experienced a similar problem and had a solution to it. This helps to minimize class disruptions because the students know the teacher is in control (Marzano, R. J., Marzano, J. S., & Pickering, 2003). Every human being has their strong and weak points. It is important for teachers to evaluate themselves in order to know their strengths and weaknesses. It helps a lot in maintaining effective classroom management. As a teacher, my main strength is my ability to maintain a good relationship with the students. Having taught for some years, I have learned the importance of maintaining a good relationship with the students. This helps in improving the students’ performance and also helps in cooperating with them. My ability to accommodate students from different cultural backgrounds is another area I do well. Having taught student from a different culture, I have come to learn the importance of understanding the students (Montgomery, 2001). Different cultures have different practices that if not understood can be misinterpreted. For example, Mexicans expect their children to be obedient, quiet and seek approval before acting. This can be interpreted as been overly dependent on the teacher. As a teacher, I tend to act swiftly in class this is an area I can do better. A case of a situation in class, I tend to act quickly without consulting what had caused the particular incident. Due to the fact, I have encountered similar situations in the classroom. This is an area I can work on in order to be a better classroom manager (Weinstein, Curran, & Tomlinson-Clarke, 2003).

Tim O’Brien Essay Example for Free

Tim O’Brien Essay Tim O’Brien is a well-know war writer, probably the most famous war writer of our time but also a writer about relationships that disintegrate and how they do so.   His novels hinge on his own experiences in the Vietnam War or the time leading up to that experience.   But he is not a typical writer of war.   In Tim O’Brien’s novels, O’Brien blurs the lines between truth and portrayal of truth or fiction. In essence, he says that there is no such thing as truth. Truth depends on the perception of the person experiencing the episode and what goes on in the mind of this person. The truth fades and shifts or is illuminated further in the telling. Truth is slippery and ever-changing and completely subjective. He blurs these lines over and over again to show the reader the slippery slope of what we call truth.   O’Brien, in some ways, can tell the same kinds of stories but with a different focus so they are completely new.   Overall, O’Brien believes in the power of stories.   As O’Brien says, I’m a believer in the power of stories, whether they’re true or embellished, and exaggerated, or utterly made up.   A good story has a power that transcends the question of factuality or actuality† (Bonn).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   O’Brien’s novel styles and themes begin right from the start of his career.   .   If I Die in the Combat Zone, Box Me Up and Ship Me Home was published in 1973.   It is a memoir which deals with Vietnam and the region around My Lai.   It was the first book that began O’Brien’s genre of what is called â€Å"creative nonfiction.   And then comes his first published novel, Northern Lights discusses two brothers.   One has returned from war wounded and the two brothers are uncomfortable with their own lives as well as their relationships with their father, who has died.   His themes of war and disintegration of relationships begin to be shown in this novel. He continues with these themes in Going After Cacciato published in 1978 and the Nuclear Age in 1985.   Going After Caccioto is the story of a soldier who decides to run away from the Vietnam War. In many ways, this novel is an earlier telling of a story from â€Å"The Things They Carried.†Ã‚   The short story â€Å"On the Rainy River† retells this novel, only with a different ending, which characterizes O’Brien’s creative nonfiction.   In other words, the novel is another way that the story could have ended, not necessarily the way it did end.   Nuclear Age is a discussion of how we would live if confronted with the possibility of nuclear extinction. Then in 1990 he seems to hit a stride and critical acclaim with The Things They Carried.   This is a collection of short stories but also a novel in itself as it begins and ends with the same story.   The book begins with the quote, â€Å"This is a work of fiction. Except for a few details regarding the author’s own life, all the incidents, names, and characters are imaginary† (O’Brien).   Two pages later O’Brien provides a dedication to â€Å"the men of Alpha Company, and in particular to Jimmy Cross, Norman Bowker, Rat Kiley, Mitchell Sanders, Henry Dobbins, and Kiowa.† (O’Brien).     These are the novel’s main characters. The reader is meant to question the blur of the lines between fact and fiction. The reader is meant to ask, â€Å"Why O’Brien would be thanking these men if this work is entirely fiction?†Ã‚   In this book, Tim O’Brien manages this blur of truth in many other ways as well. One of thos e ways is that he creates a narrator who is modeled after himself. This narrator is a Harvard grad, a drafted Vietnam War vet, and goes by the name of Tim O’Brien. The reader is encouraged to connect the narrator with the author as a way to question what is true. The narrator says, â€Å"I want you to feel what I felt. I want you to know why story-truth is truer than happening-truth† (O’Brien 203). When asked in an interview, â€Å"What do you say when people ask, â€Å"Are these stories true?† Tim replies, Tim: â€Å"I tell them to reread the book. It’s kind of the point of the book: What is truth?†Ã‚   Tim explains more thoroughly when he talks in the same interview about getting to a deeper truth through fiction.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"One of the chapters in â€Å"The Things They Carried† is about a character with my name going to the Canadian border. He meets an old man up there, almost crosses into Canada but doesn’t. I never literally did any of these things, but I thought about it. It was all happening in my dreams and in my head. And the one thing fiction can do is make it seem real. To let the reader participate in this kid making this journey and it feels like it’s really happening. You hope the reader’s asking the same questions that you were back then. You know, like ‘What would I do? Would I go to Canada? What do I think of war?’ So even if the story never happened, literally, it happened in my head.† If I were to tell you the literal truth about that summer, the truth would be that I played a lot of golf and worried a lot about the draft† (Curran).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In other words, what is the real meaning of truth?   O’Brien plays with this concept over and over in his fiction.   The portrays the strangeness of how the mind works when dealing with memories and hypothetical situations. In the Lake of the Woods published in 1994 A spooked veteran who has secrets discovers that his wife has secrets too.   Both of these people â€Å"escape† to the inner recesses of their own minds in order to come to some kind of terms with their lives.   O’Brien shows his mastery at blurring the lines between reality and fantasy here as well as the novel focuses on two of his favorite subjects, war and failing relationships.   As the couple struggles with the secrets in their relationship, O’Brien uncovers that fact that truth is what we say it is, and what we say determines how and what we think.   He continues to blur the lines even further with an essay called The Vietnam in Me in 1994 in which he goes back to Vietnam twenty years later to reflect on the experiences of the Vietnam War.   This essay also explores the deterioration of a relationship for him.   He basically tries to reconcile what really happened in My Lai in his mind after all these years while faced with the gap opening up between he and Kate. His more recent work changes focus just a bit.   War becomes more secondary content.   In Tomcat in Love (1998) this humorous story or â€Å"black comedy† as it is called in the Gadfly interview is told from the perspective of a sexist professor who attempts to deal with the disintegration of his relationship.   However, he tries to wreak revenge on his ex-wife by sabotaging her current relationship.   And in July, July (2002) ten friends reunite about 30 years after they graduate.     They find that many of the same things haunt them now as haunted them then, only they are at totally different places in their lives.   This story is much like The Things they Carried in that the individual stories are tied together in the end. One of the characters has been through Vietnam, but more than anything this book is again about re-telling of the truth.   The â€Å"truths† that these characters had identified for themselves thirty years ago are different in many ways than their truths of today.   Does that make them any less true? When asked about the various truths of this novel,   BRC: Your books, and their characters, display a certain amount of moral ambiguity—a sense of this is true but that also is true—or both could be true at the same time. Does this reflect your personal philosophy? TO: Yes. Truth evolves. Truth is fluid. Truth is a function of language. (If I were to say to you, ‘It’s now 10:00 A.M., I would be telling the ‘truth’ of Boston, Massachusetts, but not the ‘truth’ of Tokyo Japan). A lie, sometimes, can be truer than the truth, which is why fiction gets written. (Bookreporter). Ultimately Tim O’Brien is a writer who deserves all the acclaim he gets as he has much to say not only about war and relationships but about the very essence of truth itself.   He is a storyteller in every sense of the word and believes in the power of stories, no matter what kind they are.   In an interview, he clearly demonstrates his philosophy about the power of storytelling and truth. Interviewer: What can stories do for us? Tim: Stories do a lot for us. They can help us heal. They can make us feel part of something bigger. We all tell stories to ourselves—about today and tomorrow—we live our lives based on a story we tell ourselves. And we’re constantly adjusting it†¦hoping for a happy ending. (Curran) He describes good fiction as fiction that makes us look inside ourselves and O’Brien is a master even when the â€Å"content† of the stories are not typical for most of us.   He can make us look at courage and truth and evaluate our own relationships all in the reading of his fiction. Works Cited Tim O’Brien, Novelist.   Retrieved November 27, 2007 at Web Site:   http://illyria.com/tobhp.html Iver, Pico, Missing in Contemplation, Time Magazine.   2001, Retrieved November 27, 2007 at Web Site:   http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101941024-163119,00.html Bonn, Maria S. Can Stories Save Us?   Tim O’Brien and the Efficacy of the Text, Critique, Fall 1994, No 1:   2-5. ’Brien, â€Å"The Things They Carried,† Broadway Publishing. 1991. Curran, Colleen. Tim O’Brien discusses â€Å"The Things They Carried in Richmond for GO READ. Nov. 11, 2003. Retrieved November 27, 2007 at http://www.richmond.com/ae/output.aspx?Article_ID=2730476 Tim O’Brien. Retrieved November 30. 2007 at Web Site:   http://www.bookreporter.com/authors/au-obrien-tim.asp

Free Essays - Importance of Creativity in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Importance of Creativity in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn What would you do if you were a young teenager traveling down the Mississippi River, not knowing where to sleep that night or find food for your next meal? That is the dilemma faced by Huckleberry Finn, and Huck always found a lot of trouble. When most people are in trouble they either take the easy way out and lie, or they use their creativity and wit. The protagonist of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, uses more wit than most fourteen year old kids use in their lifetime. Whenever life hits Huck with a problem, he always conquers it by using awareness, cleverness, and insight. Before Huck starts his adventure down the river, he must fake his death to "escape" from pap. The first thing Huck did was to make sure that pap was far away before starting his getaway. At this point, many children of Huck's age would merely get in a canoe and head down stream, most likely getting caught the next day. Huckleberry Finn is smarter than that. Huck wanted to make sure that no one would come down the river looking for him, except to make his corpse rise. First, he collected all the supplies that he could find and loaded them into a canoe. After that, he went into the woods and caught a wild hog. He brought the hog in the Cabin, and slaughtered it, making sure that it left behind a pool of blood on the hard packed dirt ground. He disposed of the dead hog by throwing it in the river to float downstream. Huck also opened a sack of corn and left a trail leading to a shallow lake nearby. Before leaving the cabin, he filled another sack with rocks, and made a path toward the river. This was done to simulate the trail of the robbers dragging their bounty to the river bank. Huckleberry hoped that pap would think he was killed by a group of robbers that stole all his possessions. After using these tactics to avert any search parties, he floated down the river to Jackson Island. Huck made every attempt to make sure that he could sail down the river in Free Essays - Importance of Creativity in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays Importance of Creativity in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn What would you do if you were a young teenager traveling down the Mississippi River, not knowing where to sleep that night or find food for your next meal? That is the dilemma faced by Huckleberry Finn, and Huck always found a lot of trouble. When most people are in trouble they either take the easy way out and lie, or they use their creativity and wit. The protagonist of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, uses more wit than most fourteen year old kids use in their lifetime. Whenever life hits Huck with a problem, he always conquers it by using awareness, cleverness, and insight. Before Huck starts his adventure down the river, he must fake his death to "escape" from pap. The first thing Huck did was to make sure that pap was far away before starting his getaway. At this point, many children of Huck's age would merely get in a canoe and head down stream, most likely getting caught the next day. Huckleberry Finn is smarter than that. Huck wanted to make sure that no one would come down the river looking for him, except to make his corpse rise. First, he collected all the supplies that he could find and loaded them into a canoe. After that, he went into the woods and caught a wild hog. He brought the hog in the Cabin, and slaughtered it, making sure that it left behind a pool of blood on the hard packed dirt ground. He disposed of the dead hog by throwing it in the river to float downstream. Huck also opened a sack of corn and left a trail leading to a shallow lake nearby. Before leaving the cabin, he filled another sack with rocks, and made a path toward the river. This was done to simulate the trail of the robbers dragging their bounty to the river bank. Huckleberry hoped that pap would think he was killed by a group of robbers that stole all his possessions. After using these tactics to avert any search parties, he floated down the river to Jackson Island. Huck made every attempt to make sure that he could sail down the river in

Cause Of Unemployment Essay

Unemployment is a status in which people are without a profitable job. It has been an major issue in most societies nowadays and is a problem that most countries have been facing and are trying to address. Moreover, when we talk about unemployment, we have to consider the employer and the employee point of view. Till this date there are significant theorical debates regarding the causes, consequences and solutions for unemployment. This essay will focus on causes and effects of unemployment in our society. These days, one of the biggest causes of unemployment is the Global Recession. When a country goes through economic crisis, the consume of goods and services tend to reduce; as a result, many people are being sacked by their companies, in order to reduce costs and confront the crisis. The salary of employees are being fairly reduced and the rate of unemployment is rising day by day, leading to low wages for the people that are in fact employed. In addition, the recession also detracted the young job seekers, the ones out of college, to find a job because most companies can not afford to hire new people. Another important factor is the Technological Unemployment. Technology usualy is more efficient and increases production of a company. Machines do not need vacations, breaks, insurance and can work 24 hours per day (every day); consequently, peaple are being replaced by computers. The output potencial of technology is beyond superior compared to humans, turning the human work impractical and less profitable. Nonetheless, companies do not realise that the way the mechanization rise and display people, fewer people will have money to buy their products becouse of the lack of employment. Additionally, in less developed counties lack of qualified people for certain jobs, result in many companies having vacancies and no one good enough to fill them. To sum up, unemployment is undergoing a sort of cycle, that means when the number of unemployment and the low wages increase, the number of buyers decrease, leading to more unemployment and lower salaries. In addition, high qualification is one of the best ways to the rise the work opportunities. Bibliography Maria. (2008). Unemployment in Global Recession Scenario. StudyMode.com. Retrieve 01, 2013. http://www.studymode.com/essays/Unemployment-Global-RecessionScenario-172794.html Ward, T., et tal. (2009). Low-qualified Workers in Europe. Eurofound.europa.eu. Retrieve 01, 2013. http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/studies/tn0810036s/tn0810036s_3.htm Wiesen, G. (2012). What Is Technological Unemployment? wisegeek.com. Retrieve 01, 2013. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-technologicalunemployment.htm

Creating Computer-based Learning Essay

Computer-based learning, or e-learning, refers to online or offline learning through the means of computers. It can be offline through the means of CDs or it can be online wherein the student accesses an online web-based training module to acquire learning. Computer-based learning provides various advantages as compared to classroom learning. It provides flexibility to the learners who can access the course at their own pace and at their convenient times. It also enables the students to undertake distance learning wherein a large distance separates the instructor and the students. It is estimated that in 2006 nearly 3. 5 million students in the United States were undergoing some kind of computer-based learning. In this essay, I will discuss computer-based learning and will also provide a sample outline of a computer-based learning course. A storyboard is used to provide a screen-by-screen description of the e-learning course to the programmers, graphic designers, and animators who construct the e-learning course. It contains the On-screen Text (OST) and detailed instructions on graphics and animation. A storyboard should be detailed enough to provide all the required information to construct the course. It should have the following minimum eight elements – project information, screen label, audio/narration text, video clips if used, graphics, OST, navigation and interactivity, and notes to programmers and artists (Creating Scripts and Storyboards for E-Learning). The OST in a storyboard should only contain the relevant information that the learner needs to see. Transition text should only be provided in the audio script of the storyboard. This enables the learners to focus on the core concepts that they have to learn. An e-learning course can have a linear or a staggered navigation. Providing staggered navigation through inserting hyperlinks or cross-references allows learners to choose their learning path, but it is more complex, provides slower navigation, and has greater upload time (Storyboarding for E-Learning Courseware). Secondly, a hyperlink to an outside site will make the learners navigate out of the course, and they may not return to the course. It is not necessary to describe each step of an animation in a storyboard. Only the key aspects of the animation should be outlined and the animation should be described in a separate document. It is not advisable to use too many animations in a course as an animation may take a long time to load. The development life cycle of a computer-based learning course consists of analysis, design, development, implementation and, evaluation phases. The content, graphics, and assessment are developed during the â€Å"development† phase. A sample outline of a course on â€Å"How to Buy and Sell a House† would be as follows: I. Welcome page II. Introduction screen a. Slide 1 – Opening questions (to establish motivation for learning). i. Questions on what type of house is required and various available options. ii. Questions on problems faced in buying and selling a house. b. Slide 2 – Common mistakes while buying or selling a house. III. Learning Objectives i. Given a specified budget and location preference, the learner will be able to identify how to buy the most suitable house for his or her needs. ii. Given a specified budget, the learner will be able to identify how to negotiate successfully with a seller or a buyer on the price and obtain the optimal bargain. iii. The learner will determine how to avoid hidden costs and charges while buying a house. iv. The learner will identify how to do the paperwork, such as house registration correctly. Unit I – Finding the Best House Within Your Budget and Location Preference Unit II – Negotiating Successfully Unit III – Avoiding Hidden Costs Unit IV – Carrying Out Paperwork Correctly There will be assessments for the course – one at the end of each unit and one at the end of course. A sample question for Unit II is as follows: 1. Which of these are correct negotiation techniques while buying a house? a. Refuse to budge from your price. b. Request persuasively to provide additional benefits. c. Give examples of other lower cost options that you have. References Kruse, Kevin. Creating Scripts and Storyboards for E-Learning. Retrieved May 23, 2008 from http://www. e-learningguru. com/articles/art2_5. htm Pandey, Amit. Storyboarding for E-Learning Courseware. May 1, 2007. Retrieved May 23, 2008 http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/229486/storyboarding_for_elearning_courseware. html? page=6

Class Tardiness A Survey of Elementary Schools

Class Tardiness A Survey of Elementary Schools Introduction Education has proven to be the most essential background to numerous individuals across the globe. Success of several global greatest achievers has always affiliated with substantial educational background.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Class Tardiness: A Survey of Elementary Schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Given its renowned importance in shaping the lives of individuals, education from a worldwide perspective has become one of the essentials in human social and economic life. However, the path to success in academic achievement remains arguably the most anticipated outcome of the general learning process. For the past several decades, substantial research findings have concluded that the level of academic achievement among students remains relatively low, with several factors underlying this phenomenon. Postmodern research has substantively tried to examine several underlying factors that inhibit ostensible academic performance. One of the contemporarily contested matters within the educational paradigm is the issue surrounding punctuality in schools with both students and teachers reported to fail in keeping time, which has always been a considerable factor in academic performance. School or classroom absenteeism and unpunctuality normally result to disrupted learning processes. Two educational associate members are a key component that determines the successfulness of the educational achievement. Teachers and students are inseparable corporate figures whose association within and outside the school milieu adversely determine the success of either individuals as well as the entire school.Advertising Looking for proposal on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main discussion for this proposal is the issue of classroom tardiness associated with elementary students and teachers. Tardiness ha s emerged to be the most modern aspect that is continuously affecting academic achievement. Tardiness according to its basic definition refers to appearing, arriving or even acting late contrary to the stipulated time. Classroom tardiness may therefore refer to arriving or performing classroom activities in delay. Classroom tardiness is not however a modern problem within the elementary schools, since it has existed in several academic literatures. Augmented cases of tardiness among students reflect the extent at which student discipline in several elementary schools has continuously deteriorated. The aspect of tardiness seems to be affecting numerous schools globally and causing dwindles in academic performance. Aim and Objectives of the study The purpose or aim of this study is to explore the issue of tardiness in relation to identifying whether it correlates directly with the teaching process and the entire academic performance. According to Gebski et al. (2002), â€Å"an object ive is a precise statement of the degree of benefit expected from the intervention, as well as the duration of the benefit† (p.491). Apart from having the principle focus for the entire study, the study relies on secondary objectives developed to enrich the researcher’s argument with great evidence on the status of student tardiness within the desired study area.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Class Tardiness: A Survey of Elementary Schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The study will have secondary objectives as follows: to examine the extent of class tardiness among students in some schools in United States; to identify the major reasons behind class tardiness among students in the targeted schools; the study will as well investigate teacher’s perceptions on the influence of class tardiness in their teaching procedures; the study will determine how class tardiness affects individual stu dent and school performance. Problem statement As the pursuit for greater academic performance continuously arises across the globe, several challenges associated with academic achievement are on a constant rise. Substantial research linking teacher-student association and their related preparedness to academic achievement has existed, but shaping up student’s behaviors, school and class tardiness remains anticipated matters. An unattractive number of students within the elementary schools have been arriving in schools and classroom behind schedule. Scholars in different educational backgrounds have consistently cited a greater correlation between school attendance problems and academic performance and students behaviors as well. Tardiness according to prior studies influence the learning process since it results to classroom disruption that subsequently affects the entire student learning and academic performance. Contemporary studies on tardiness are increasing with an ove rview indicating that the tardiness aspect is increasing with time depending on the regions. Despite evidence and aforementioned studies unveiling the realities behind tardiness in schools worldwide, the impact of this matter remains underestimated. For such reasons, this proposal seeks to explore tardiness in elementary schools.Advertising Looking for proposal on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Literature review Extensive research in the educational paradigm covering the issue of tardiness in relation to its influence to academic performance has existed and proved quite significant in understanding some internal school affairs affecting knowledge enlightening. A contemporary study undertaken by Dinkes (2009) demonstrates an example of the studies that uncovered the true situation of tardiness among schools in United States. In this study, several student behaviors emerge to be affecting the school materially, socially and academic wise. Typically, this study analyzed bullying at schools and other places, physical fights and the existence of weapons and other illegal substances within the schools. In a bid to consolidate facts about the state of school discipline and school performance, the researcher investigated the issue of school tardiness as one of the behavioral problems. According to Dinkes (2009), tardiness is a form of indiscipline that involves unpunctuality by st udents that lead to disrupted learning. Disrupted learning has generally been one of the courses of poor school performance. In this empirical evidence, Dinkes (2009) undertook a comprehensive comparison of prior surveying processes involving the schools and the staffing across some public and private schools within the United States. The main objective for this study was to examine if student behavior, student tardiness and class cutting interfered with the learning. According to Dinkes (2009, p.40), between 2003 and 2004 at least 35 percent of teachers involved in this study agreed or strongly agreed that student behavior interfered with their teaching, approximately 31 percent of the teachers testified that class cutting and student tardiness interfered with their teaching. However, the proportion of teachers who testified that class cutting, student behavior and tardiness affected or hampered their teaching differed depending on individual teacher and the school environment. For instance, in this study according to Dinkes (2009), in 2003and 2004, a considerably higher percentage (42%) of teachers in a city or metropolitan schools than in rural or suburban (31%) reported that misbehavior and tardiness interfered with learning. A continuum of investigations undertaken by Purvis in the report complied in 2008 can successfully provide significant empirical literature that complements the argument of this study. Purvis (2008) defines tardiness to class as a state of arriving late or behind stipulated time for the assigned class. The researcher investigated three types of tardiness associated with students within the school environment including tardiness to class, tardiness to school and tardiness towards an assigned area of educational interest. According to this study, some of the basic reasons behind class tardiness may be because teachers failed to dismiss students on time from their previously assigned class, teachers keeping students in class immediately after lesson end, or school administrators stopping students along corridors or simply students having fun or playing games. Purvis (2008) admits that tardiness is among student misconducts, but according to him, one of the most important issues that the school officials must explore in relation to student tardiness is the aspect of if the tardiness is excusable or non-excusable. Another significant study that may form imperative empirical evidence to the issue of school and class tardiness is the study undertaken by Martella et al. (2011). Based on this study, the researcher investigated school safety in depth. The researcher examined the extent of school safety in America by reviewing comprehensive reports conducted by numerous organizations including National School Safety Center, Institute of Education Science, and the National Center for Education Statistics and the Center for Disease Control. Apart from covering information pertinent to school-related violence deaths, school s afety, physical fights and other forms of school bullying factors, the study considered the significance of investigating teacher’s perceptions of class cutting, tardiness and student misbehavior in relation to their influence on learning. Similar to Dinkes (2009) this study principally examined reports from public and private school teachers regarding the state of student tardiness, misbehavior and class cutting and their relative influence to their teaching process. According to Martella et al. (2011), the behavioral phenomenon has been fluctuating in each successive year. According to Martella et al. (2011), the percentage or number of teachers who report stated that student behavior interfered with their teaching fluctuated between 1987-1988 and 2007-2008. The percentage of teachers who reported that class cutting and student tardiness obstructed their teaching remained constant between 1999-2000 and 2007-2008. Furthermore, â€Å"there were no measurable differences in t he percentage of teachers reporting that students misbehavior or tardiness and class cutting interfered with their teaching between two most recent surveys, 2003-2004 and 2007-2007† (Martella et al., 2011, p.289). Just as other studies conducted to determine the influence of truancy and lack of proper timing, the researcher in this study noticed that the proportion of tutors who noted that these factors affected their teaching and performance were disparate with regard to individual teacher and school characteristics. For instance, in the year 2007, â€Å"more public school teachers (36%) than private school teachers (21%) reported that student misbehavior hampered learning, 33% verses 18% asserted that class cutting affected learning while 39% verses 33% blamed student tardiness over learning† (Martella et al., 2011, p.289). Class and school tardiness have appeared in several studies across the globe and the condition may even become worse in future depending on the pr evailing conditions of the future in the educational paradigm. Studies conducted by Thompson (2012) and Abadzi (2007) have portrayed significant influence of class and school tardiness to academic performance and individual student’s behavior. According to the two researchers, very few students can manage to attend classes or schools throughout the term period. According to Thompson (2012), the problem of student tardiness mostly affects new teachers in a certain environment, but reasons behind such behaviors differ from worldwide. Thompson (2012) further asserts that tardy students are harmful to the academic performance since they cause disruptions during the teaching process as well as setting negative tone in a class where the possibility of others imitating is considerably high. On the other hand, Abadzi (2007) claims that tardiness results to disrupted learning since it affects teacher’s instructional plan that subsequently affects the entire class performance. F inally, empirical analysis of educational reports by Garrett in the year 2001 can significantly provide empirically validate literature necessary to support the basic argument of this study. Among the most significant issue examined in this study, include trespassing, student tardiness, and student misbehavior and teacher absenteeism that are core factors to poor academic performance among schools worldwide. According to Garrett (2001), of the total number of principals involved in these studies, 43% of them perceived these issues as serious matters. The disciple issue most reported between 1996 and 1997, tardiness accounted for 40 percent, absenteeism or class cutting accounted for 25 percent while physical conflict accounted for 21 percent. According to Garrett (2001), â€Å"for elementary and high schools, student tardiness and student absenteeism or class cutting were among three most often cited offenses† (p.13). In general, student tardiness in an estimated average acco unted to 67 percent while school absenteeism accounted to 33 percent with all principles concluding that the level of student tardiness behaviors were on a constant rise. Research Methodology Research methodology refers to the techniques employed by the researcher to undertake the study considering all necessary principles covering the research studies. According to Farrugia et al. (2009), research methodology is a logical way of solving problems while research methods are various measures, schemes or algorithms employed in any undertaken study by researchers. It is important â€Å"for the researcher to know not only the research methods necessary for the research under taken but also the methodology† (Rajasekar et al., 2006, p. 3). In this proposal, the study will take the qualitative approach where the application of reasoning and words will be imperative to arrive to the conclusion on the stated problem. According to Rajasekar et al. (2006), qualitative research methodolog y, â€Å"is non-numerical, descriptive, applies reasoning, and uses words†¦its aim is to get the meaning, feeling and describe the situation† (p.3). The study will involve several procedures from setting up of questionnaires, undertaking a piloting study, collecting the information and analyzing the data collected appropriately. Target population and sample size Since the study involves three important individuals in the education sector, school head teachers and teachers will form part of the target population desired to undertake the research. The researcher in the context of determining the extent of class tardiness in schools, major reasons behind class tardiness among students, teacher’s perception on class tardiness its influence on individual student and school performance, this study will target five renowned schools within the predetermined study area. For the study to arrive to unbiased conclusion over the problem identified, the researcher will consider acquiring data from all the teaching staff ranging from the school administrators to teachers. The study will target at least three teachers in each respective school under the study coverage and approximately five head teachers in all the schools. The study will manage to acquire approximately a total of fifteen teachers and five head teachers to represent the entire populace in the study. Since the target population will be appropriate to undertake the study, there will be no sampling. Piloting or/and reconnaissance The researcher will undertake piloting or/and reconnaissance to the desired study region with the aim of identifying challenges, opportunities and to have a familiarization with the study region. Piloting or pilot study is a form of study that involves undertaking a visit to the predetermined or determined study area with the necessary data collection material to test their validity and reliability. During the pilot study, the research will introduce some of the data collection material to non-respondents of the actual study to examine the reliability of the data collection material and the way respondents will behave on the desired data collection material. Reconnaissance is similar to the pilot study, but in the real meaning of the two aspects to this study. Reconnaissance will precede the piloting to enable the researcher familiarize with the study area, meet the school administration and seek permission to undertake the research, establish possible challenges that may affect the outcome of the research and estimate the cost of the intended study. Data sources and data collection techniques For any intended research study to produce desirable outcome under any given circumstances, the researcher must identify and utilize the most appropriate data sources and data collection methods. Data sources involve all materials used in collecting information required from the respondents to accomplish the mission of the research. The sources always carr y their opinions, ideas or even perceptions in a manner suitable for analysis. Based on the intentions of this proposal, simple questionnaires will appropriately suit, as data collection material for the teachers while interview schedules will be the most appropriate for the head teachers who will represent the school administration. The researcher will develop these questionnaires with the assistance of the respective professor to enhance validity and reliability. Data collection technique will involve planning appropriate data collection schedule that will guide the collection of data from the five stated schools. Each respondent will fill one questionnaire or one interview schedule to reach the desired population required for analysis and avoid multiple, irrelevant responses. Data analysis and discussion The researcher will ensure that all data collection materials pertinent to this study are complete in the filling process, collected and arranged properly for data analysis. The researcher will search, verify, and analyze the data in the questionnaires using both qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques. Responses obtained in the form of figures will undergo a quantitative analysis approach where analytical tables of frequencies and percentages will represent the results in more simplified and understandable manner (Baxter Jack, 2008). Where necessary, the study will consider the application of graphs in analyzing data to provide a comprehensive and easy method of analyzing the data. Graphs frequency tables and percentage tables form the most appropriate data analytical techniques that are familiar to many, present large information on little space and scientifically validated through empirical research evidence. The ideas, opinions or even perceptions expressed in qualitative form will have a direct analysis where the researcher will expound and discuss the ideas in details. The researcher in the analysis phase may consider team members to en sure that the information contained in the study remain reliable and answers all research objectives and related questions. Discussion of data collected is necessary to provide a deeper insight into the findings and conclusions arrived from the undertaken study. Since data collected in the study, many are in qualitative or quantitative form, having little meaning to the laypersons and other scholars data analysis is necessary to simplify the information produced by the respondents in relation to the study. However, data analysis is not a convincible endpoint to the research process since the analysis process may not produce a proof of readable and understandable paper that one can draw possible conclusions from the study. Central to this reason, discussion of the data collected and analyzed is necessary to ensure that the study produces understandable and reliable research findings that learners and other researcher interested in investigating similar problem can draw possible concl usions and comments (Baxter Jack, 2008). The researcher will ensure comprehensive discussion of all data presented in mathematical or arithmetic manner in simple terms and terminologies that interested readers may draw conclusions and/or argue. Reference List Abadzi, H. (2007). Absenteeism and Beyond: Instructional Time Loss and Consequences. New York, NY: World Bank Publications. Baxter, P., Jack, S. (2008). Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers. The Qualitative Report, 13(4), 544-559. Dinkes, R. (2009). Indicators of School Crime and Safety. Darby, PA: Diane Publishing. Farrugia, P., Petrisor, B., Farrokhyar, F., Bhandari, M. (2009). Practical tips for surgical research: Research questions, hypotheses and objectives. Canadian Journal of Surgery, 53(4), 278-281. Garrett, A. (2001). Keeping American Schools Safe: A Handbook for Parents, Students, Educators, Law Enforcement Personnel and the Community. New York, NY: McFarland. G ebski, V., Marschner, I., Keech, A. (2002). Specifying objectives and outcomes for clinical trials. Medical Journal of Australia, 176, 491-492. Martella, R., Nelson, J., Marchard-Martella, N., O’Reilly, M. (2011). Comprehensive Behavior Management: Individualized, Classroom, and School wide Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers. Purvis, R. (2008). Safe and Successful Schools: A Compendium for the New Millennium. Bloomington, IN: Author House. Rajasekar, S., Philominathan, P., Chinnathambi, V. (2006). Research methodology. Web. Thompson, G. (2012). First year teachers survival guide: Ready-to-use strategies, tools activities for meeting the challenges of each school day. New Jersey, NJ: Wiley Sons.

The Halloween Storm of the Century in 1991

The Halloween Storm of the Century in 1991 The Perfect Storm was a rare monster storm with an unnamed hurricane in the center of the tempest. The perfect storm was a nickname given  to this storm by Bob Case, a retired NOAA meteorologist. The storm began as an extratropical low on October 28, 1991 and became famous as author Sebastian Junger profiled the sinking of the swordfishing boat the ​Andrea Gail in the novel The Perfect Storm. The storm would eventually produce 100-foot ​rogue waves. October Weather Conditions In October, most of the United States moves towards the cold winter months as the country slowly cools down from the summer heat. Ocean water has a high heat capacity meaning the landmasses of North America cool at a more rapid rate than the ocean waters. The heat retained in the Atlantic will often create massive storms in the still-warm waters. Because air masses retain the characteristics of their source, the continental air masses from the cooler land will often meet the maritime air masses of the warmer ocean creating large storms known as a Noreaster. Predicting the Perfect Storm Forecasters had a rough time forecasting this Halloween storm. The storm happened when a high-pressure system, a low-pressure system, and the remnants from Hurricane Grace collided in a trilogy of terror. The resulting waves and high winds hit many parts of the Eastern United States causing the famed sinking of the Andrea Gail and the death of her six passengers. An interesting aspect of the huge system was its retrograde motion (east to west)- not away from the New England Coast, but toward it. Even while New Englanders were enjoying clear bright blue October weather, forecasters were warning of this immense storm. A Rare Weather Event According to Bob Case, the set of meteorological circumstances leading to the storm happen only every 50-100 years. Much like the Fujiwhara Effect, several weather events (detailed at the bottom of the page) did a strange meteorological dance around each other. Storm damage hit as far south as North Carolina, Florida, and the Northern coast of Puerto Rico. The storm caused millions of dollars in damages to beaches and homes, including the seaside Kennebunkport, Maine home of former President George Bush. An Unnamed Hurricane A remarkable event occurred when a hurricane formed inside the Halloween Noreaster. Wind speeds topped 80 mph inside of the intense Halloween storm, making the storm of hurricane strength on the Saffir-Simposon Scale. This particular hurricane was never named as most tropical cyclones are named according to a pre-set list of hurricane names. Instead, it would become known as the Unnamed Hurricane of 1991. The storm finally broke up over Nova Scotia, Canada, on November 2, 1991, and remains only the 8th hurricane never to be named since the naming practice began in the 1950s. Why Wasnt the Hurricane Named? There is a difference between the Halloween Storm of 1991 and the hurricane that formed inside the storm. At the time of the storm, emergency officials and the media were scrambling to get more information on the storm damages and well as any forecasts for future problems. It was decided that the hurricane would be short-lived and should remain unnamed so as not to confuse people. Storm Records Broken Many locations up and down the Atlantic coast saw tide, flood, and storm surge records broken. In Ocean City, Maryland, a record high tide of 7.8 feet occurred beating the old record of 7.5 feet recorded during a March 1962 storm. Damages in Massachusetts topped $100 million dollars. Other specific facts are available from the National Climatic Data Center Damage Summary for the Perfect Storm. Causes of the Storm of the Century Hurricane Grace - On October 27, 1991, Hurricane Grace formed off the coast of Florida. As Grace moved north on October 29, an extratropical cyclone formed over Canada. The counterclockwise motion of this low-pressure zone left a trailing cold front over much of the Northern Atlantic coast. The cold front would later catch up with the dying hurricane. Grace would later make the retrograde turn to the east in response.A Low-Pressure System - The low-pressure system formed over Canada and ran into Hurricane Grace off the coast of Nova Scotia, tearing the already downgraded hurricane apart. There was intense wind shear that acted as a hurricane-breaker, but the low-pressure system absorbed much of the energy of Hurricane Grace. The low-pressure system reached a peak intensity of 972 millibars of pressure and maximum sustained winds of 60 knots on October 30. The later movement of this low-pressure system over warmer 80 degree Gulf Stream waters served to intensify the storm in the same way tropical storms are intensified by warm ocean waters in the tropics. A High-Pressure System - A strong high-pressure center extended from the Gulf of Mexico northeastward along the Appalachians into Greenland. Strong winds were generated from the tight pressure gradient between a strong high high-pressure in eastern Canada (1043 mb) and the surface low.

Last Names or Surnames in Spanish

Last Names or Surnames in Spanish Last names, or surnames, in Spanish arent treated the same way as they are in English. The differing practices can be confusing for someone unfamiliar with Spanish, but the Spanish way of doing things has been around for hundreds of years. Traditionally, if John Smith and Nancy Jones (who live in an English-speaking country) get married and have a child, the child would end  up with a name such as Paul Smith or Barbara Smith. But its not the same in most areas where Spanish is spoken as the native language. If Juan Là ³pez Marcos marries Marà ­a Covas Callas, their child would end up with a name such as Mario Là ³pez Covas or Katarina Là ³pez Covas. How Do Spanish Last Names Work? Confused? Theres a logic to it all, but the confusion comes mostly because the Spanish surname method is different than what youre used to. Although there are numerous variations of how names are handled, just as there can be in English, the basic rule of Spanish names is fairly simple: In general, a person born into a Spanish-speaking family is given a first name followed by two surnames, the first being the fathers family name (or, more precisely, the surname he gained from his father) followed by the mothers family name (or, again more precisely, the surname she gained from her father). In a sense, then, native Spanish speakers are born with two last names. Take as an example the name of Teresa Garcà ­a Ramà ­rez. Teresa is the name given at birth, Garcà ­a is the family name from her father, and Ramà ­rez is the family name from her mother. If Teresa Garcà ­a Ramà ­rez marries Elà ­ Arroyo Là ³pez, she doesnt change her name. But in popular usage, it would be extremely common for her to add de Arroyo (literally, of Arroyo), making her Teresa Garcà ­a Ramà ­rez de Arroyo. Sometimes, the two surnames can be separated by y (meaning and), although this is less common than it used to be. The name the husband uses would be Elà ­ Arroyo y Là ³pez. You may see names that are even longer. Although it isnt done much, at least formally, it is possible also to include grandparents names in the mix. If the full name is shortened, usually the second surname name is dropped. For example, Mexican President Enrique Peà ±a Nieto is often referred to by his countrys news media simply as Peà ±a when he is mentioned a second time. Things can get a bit complicated for Spanish-speaking people living in places such as the United States, where it is not the norm to use two family names. One choice many make is for all family members to use the fathers paternal family name. Also quite common is to hyphenate the two names, e.g., Elà ­ Arroyo-Là ³pez and Teresa Garcà ­a-Ramà ­rez. Couples who have been in the United States a long time, particularly if they speak English, are more likely to give their children the fathers name, following the dominant U.S. pattern. But practices vary. The practice of a person being given two family names became the custom in Spain largely because of Arabic influence. The custom spread to the Americas during the years of Spanish Conquest. Spanish and Mexican Last Names With Celebrities You can see how Spanish  names are constructed by looking at the names of several famous people born in Spanish-speaking countries. Fathers names are listed first: The full name of singer Shakira is Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll. She is the daughter of William Mebarak Chadid and Nidia del Carmen Ripoll Torrado.The full name of actress Salma Hayek is Salma Hayek Jimà ©nez. She is the daughter of Sami Hayek Domà ­nguez and Diana Jimà ©nez Medina.The full name of actress Penà ©lope Cruz is Penà ©lope Cruz Snchez. She is the daughter of Eduardo Cruz and Encarnacià ³n Snchez.The full name of Cuban President Raà ºl Castro is Raà ºl Modesto Castro Ruz. He is the son of ngel Castro Argiz and Lina Ruz Gonzlez.The full name of pop singer Enrique Iglesias is Enrique Iglesias Preysler. He is the son of Julio Josà © Iglesias de la Cueva and Marà ­a Isabel Preysler Arrastia.The full name of Mexican-Puerto Rican  singer Luis Miguel is Luis Miguel Gallego Basteri. He is the son of Luis Gallego Sanchez and Marcela Basteri.The full name of Venezuelan President Nicols Maduro is Nicols Maduro Moro. He is the son of Nicols Maduro Garcà ­a and Teresa de Jesà ºs Moro.The full name of singer and actor Rubà ©n Blades is Rubà ©n Blades Bellido de Luna. He is the son of Rubà ©n Darà ­o Blades and Anoland Dà ­az Bellido de Luna.

Is Sharon an intellectual Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is Sharon an intellectual - Essay Example Although some authors like Joshua Lambert (2009) claim that Sharon is ignorant and thoughtless, this paper proves otherwise by presenting some examples in the novel itself. Sharon, charming and cheerful, tries to discover her religious identity. After Boston University kicked her out, she decided to go after Gary, her partner in folk dancing. But prior to these events Sharon was already in a journey for meaning. Once in Oregon, her world became miserable. She worked as a servant in a hotel. When Gary realized that Honolulu, Berkeley, and Oregon were not suitable places for his cause, he left Sharon to go to Fiji with a wealthy German lady. Over the next few years, Sharon meanders from one blinded and despondent life to another in a clumsy pursuit for her spiritual being and for God. In a characteristic prose, Goodman develops a general portrayal of society by contrasting her female protagonist against a broad chain of people, cultures, and institutions. She presents a remarkable image of the forgotten generation of hippies in the 1970s, both the fervent, intense splendor with which they planned to reconstruct the world and meaningless despair provoked by rejecting an established relationship after another (Wirth-Nesher 2003). In fact, Goodman ridicules the ignorance and self-centeredness of that period’s idealism with exceptional intelligence. Sharon has various divine manifestations, all narrated with tons of exclamation points. Indeed, the voice and experiences of Sharon embodies the thoughts of Goodman. Hence, if Goodman is intelligent then Sharon is too. The thoughts of Sharon, throughout the seventeen years of her life, come to crash less with the boundaries of religious beliefs and institutions and more with the confines of her own unawareness. Sharon is a personification of unusual intelligence. She did not want to know that the obvious weakness of the real world to react appropriately is not the world’s mistake, but instead an

History of the third world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of the third world - Essay Example And a major part of the third world nation doesn't agree western nations intervening In the ruling matters of the developing countries also the third world countries are inclined to spend its nations income in war and ammunition because of which could not progress in the way of they are to be and for all this the reason are the western countries which support and help the rival nations what they earn. They are already developed nations and instead of giving a helping hand to under developing nations if they raise objections it is nothing but they are not progress loving and peace loving nations. Also when the super powerful nations are struck by natural calamities they received a financial aid from the third world nations. They need something to learn from. How can the progress of third world bear equality to their leave. The contemporary third world that exists along with the developed and underdeveloped countries is an experience to all the countries what the third world has experienced is never experienced by the developed countries. The pain and agony through which the third world has experienced has become the eye opening. The primary reasons for such experiences are the developed countries, which used to exploit underdeveloped countries in every possible manner. ... These countries slowly emerging from the clutches of the slavery and the bonded labor have become internally strong, independent and with rich cultural heritage. This glorious journey is a result of centuries of struggle for independency. The global changes like World War I and World War II were truly influencing the third world countries to reclaim their national sovereignty. The slump in the financial position of the ruling countries because of the two world wars Lead them in slowly started slowly backing off men and military from each country. Apart from that during their regime in two countries the bounded labor and slavery slowly revolutionized and started opposing and revolting against the colonial rule. After decades and decades of struggle and fight for independence was finally achieved. But along with independence there were umpteen numbers of responsibilities. There are not only responsibilities but also new challenges to foresee with. Tackling poverty, diseases, insufficient, funds, armed forces, foreign affairs, internal issues etc. William J brought many heart wrenching facts to light. Most of the facts point out the inept handling by the American nation into its foreign affairs and relief work offered. The capitalistic nature of behavior is clearly seen the way they handle their foreign counter parts. The gruesome incident reported by William J. in the detention centers of American relief operations has put the readers to shock. The manner in which the incidents were reported brought severe criticisms from all walks of the society. The ugly American since when it is published has become a rage and it also made the President Eisenhower to put a committee and order a probe into the dealings of the foreign affairs. The author tried his

Summary Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Summary - Case Study Example Mrs. Fairlie's son Hamish benefited from this program and now goes to regular school. Miss Taylor's chosen charity was Make a Difference, a small charity that supports children and their families in Sydney suffering from financial crisis. These Sydney families would be directly supported by the funds raised here. Both ladies were awarded $15000 each to visit their charities of choice, as well as a trip to Hawaii. APEC summits usually draw their share of protesters to each meet, and the businesses of the CBD at Sydney are being asked to beef up security in anticipation of untoward events or damages to property by protesters. According to the NSW Business chamber's chief executive, Kevin MacDonald, the challenge for the businesses would be to cope with upsets in everyday business due to security and transport measures taken by the government as well as taking on additional individual security measures. The reinforced security measures could include simple things like locking doors, limiting access to vital areas and increasing the amount of security at the shop fronts. Businesses with shop fronts would be particularly vulnerable, and both Australian as well as international businesses could be targeted. These conclusions are based on previous experiences of demonstrations by protesters at APEC summits. All businesses are therefore taking the threat of possible damage to property very seriously . This year, the theme of the one of t... Since Bowral is the home of the cricket icon Don Bradman, and the McGrath Foundation is founded by former Australian cricketer Glenn McGrath, the natural association of cricket into the cause of breast awareness is marked by two remarkable themed gardens. Other than the100,000 tulips in the Corbett Gardens, some exotic private gardens can be seen on the "Garden Trail", and art, textile and pottery exhibitions enjoyed on the "Garden and Art Trail" spread across the Southern Highlands. The weekend would also be marked by a food and wine festival, a special charity cricket day, and a gala dinner. ---------------------------------------- The APEC summit would end with a short, five-minute fireworks display. This is supposed to mark the end of the summit, and would complement the appearance of the APEC logo that would be shining on the Sydney Harbour Bridge from September 2 to 9. The fireworks would be sent off from various tall ships and yachts, but not from the Sydney Bridge itself, and the entire display would be called "River of Fire". The show would be exclusive to the visiting dignitaries who would be attending a 45-minute performance featuring young Australian artists inside the nearby Sydney Opera House. Since the fireworks display would be very short, and would be held inside the area under APEC security restrictions, APEC spokeswoman Anne Fulwood felt that the general public would enjoy it better on their television sets. This would also prevent any disruptions in the area under the APEC strict security lock-down. ----------------------------- A new music, art and media festival called Up! would be presented by the Frontier Touring Company this spring. It would be headed by

Small company bias Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Small company bias - Essay Example The EMH maintained that a market was perfect in the sense that the information spread very fast to accommodate immediate changes in the market stock prices. However, key criticisms have been leveled against this hypothesis based on a number of contradicting scenarios. The use of small firm effect has sustained the opposition and criticism for the EMH. The extensive studies undertaken among the USA small firms indicated that small firms outperformed large firms in respect of stock prices in spite of their advantageous operational economies of capital and market dominance (Edgar 31-35). Investigators have found the strongest effect of the tendencies of small firms to generate large stock returns compared to returns on stocks of large companies. According to the survey carried out by Fanna and French (1992) on the stocks data between 1963 and 1990, they found that clearly, portfolios of small companies tended to produce higher monthly average returns that those made on stocks of large companies EMH (Jonathan, Jandik, and Mandelker, 17). Therefore, it is essential to examine the EMH from a wide perspective that attempts to explore the necessary information. according to EMH, the larger the firm, the more advantageous it is in accessing and retaining important market information hence resulting in information asymmetry, hence creating an ability to benefit from the skewed information compared to the small firms. It should be noted that although the results of the studies of small fir effect have tended to degenerate the meaningfulness and application of EMH, it might harbor significant flaws such as survivor bias where the researcher might have used data from small firms that survived the informational imbalances (Edgar 34). Since its inception about four decades ago, EMH has occupied a large space in economic literature. The researches on

The Social Security Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Social Security Program - Essay Example The essay "The Social Security Program" talks about the social security program, the most efficient run program in all state oriented activities in the United States. Under the Social Security sector, aspects of pension income for the retirees, unemployment and fund assistance to the physically and financially challenged; are the major programs reflected. Involvement of insurance agencies and compensation companies and how they relate the persons mentioned above is also monitored by the Social Security program. The progress of these three aspect programs has undergone stiff completion. Maintenance and management of the pension income of the retired have been in the limelight of the actions of the Social Security. This has had success in ensuring the security of insurance and necessary compensation to the retirees over the years. This program has operated amidst its authoritative, incentive and capacitative techniques in order to offer quality services to the retirees. It is the first and main â€Å"Social Security† of America initiated initially for soldiers in 1776. Its vivid historical background of pension security is dated back to the era of civil wars whereby the retirees of the war were honored by paying them off a reduced amount from their original salaries. It was due to the fact that a lot of citizens were left orphaned and widowed by the dead war veterans. The pension fund has increased and broadened its wings to other professionals such as doctors, teachers among others.

Small company bias Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Small company bias - Essay Example The EMH maintained that a market was perfect in the sense that the information spread very fast to accommodate immediate changes in the market stock prices. However, key criticisms have been leveled against this hypothesis based on a number of contradicting scenarios. The use of small firm effect has sustained the opposition and criticism for the EMH. The extensive studies undertaken among the USA small firms indicated that small firms outperformed large firms in respect of stock prices in spite of their advantageous operational economies of capital and market dominance (Edgar 31-35). Investigators have found the strongest effect of the tendencies of small firms to generate large stock returns compared to returns on stocks of large companies. According to the survey carried out by Fanna and French (1992) on the stocks data between 1963 and 1990, they found that clearly, portfolios of small companies tended to produce higher monthly average returns that those made on stocks of large companies EMH (Jonathan, Jandik, and Mandelker, 17). Therefore, it is essential to examine the EMH from a wide perspective that attempts to explore the necessary information. according to EMH, the larger the firm, the more advantageous it is in accessing and retaining important market information hence resulting in information asymmetry, hence creating an ability to benefit from the skewed information compared to the small firms. It should be noted that although the results of the studies of small fir effect have tended to degenerate the meaningfulness and application of EMH, it might harbor significant flaws such as survivor bias where the researcher might have used data from small firms that survived the informational imbalances (Edgar 34). Since its inception about four decades ago, EMH has occupied a large space in economic literature. The researches on

The Castle Doctrine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Castle Doctrine - Essay Example This argument showcases, according to the report, â€Å"a loss of faith in law enforcement†(â€Å"The Castle Doctrine†). With the police being stretched thin due to an increase in crime, people don’t want to have to wait for law enforcement to come and save them especially if they are in a potentially life threatening situation. The New Castle Doctrine takes away the â€Å"vulnerability† that people feel in an increasingly violent world and makes them feel safer(â€Å"The Castle Doctrine†). Having this doctrine to back them up is important in order to prevent someone who was merely defending themselves from going to jail as people have the basic right to protect their own lives, their loved ones, or their property. There are a few different arguments which make up the reasons as to why the New Castle Doctrine is essentially a license to kill. The first reason is that people simply aren’t very well educated on what this particular doctrine covers in terms of the situations when a person can defend themselves with deadly force. Most people simply look at this law and believe that they will be protected no matter what as long as some sort of crime was committed. Ultimately, this leads into the second argument against the New Castle Doctrine as this type of legislation basically turns people into vigilantes who take justice into their own hands regardless of the situation. This is illustrated in the case of the gas station clerk who shot a man after he stole a case of beer(â€Å"The Castle Doctrine†). The New Castle Doctrine allows a person to exact their own vengeance even if the punishment does not fit the crime. Finally, those against the New Castle Doctrine believe that it will r eally hurt the legal and court system within the country as many of these vigilantes are being acquitted of any wrong doings due to their claims that they used deadly force because of the New Castle Doctrine. This might lead to a slew of criminals

Emiratisation For Economic Prosperity Essay Example for Free

Emiratisation For Economic Prosperity Essay Emiratization is a strategy that the UAE has adopted and it entails the recruitment as many professionals as possible, such as human resources managers and secretaries in the private and public sectors. The country has decided to pick this strategy because it is one of the countries that have limited competitiveness the world. This is simply because it is a country that faces economic, political, and environmental issues. The government has initiated the Emiratization plan which does not concentrate on the economic or trade factors of the global world. The agreement of the implementation of the Emiratization strategy is based on political, social and economic factors but the government is also concerned with localization of employment and organizational efficiency. Most of the government contributors have made the Emiratization program a success since they given so much into the development of employment opportunities locally. The government of UAE has made an allegiance to promote work power in the local workforce. One of the advantages of Emiratization is that workers are able to assess networks that exist within the organizational structure. With these networks workers are able to corporate with the rest of the organization in the country and even the globe in general. The strategy has also initiated more educational programs to the citizens of the UAE since the plan is to have more professionals in the private and public sectors. Innovation is also growing due to Emiratization since the government has been heavy investing into research projects. Many private sectors are greatly contributing by carrying out surveys that give results or forecast into the future of the UAE nationals. Since the program advocates for more educational programs, this means that when people graduate from school they are able to acquire jobs. This means that the element of unemployment is eliminated through Emiratization. Although Emiratization is meant to be a positive impact into the UAE, it is also facing some challenges. There is a shortage of the required skills such as leadership, languages and technical skills. These skills are required if the UAE is to get on top of the global economy. The Emiratization program does not have enough public awareness and it has also been receiving a bad image since its initiation and therefore this is a bad aspect since most people will not support it and therefore it might not produce the desired outcomes. Although the government has introduced this strategy to the public and private sectors, there is a significant high salary gap and this might pose as a bad image among the sectors. The government has not given a clear definition of the requirements needed for the jobs emphasized on so the citizens do not have enough clarity on what to do to get a certain job. Some social activities such as religion are a posing as a negative impact on the Emiratization strategy since people may have restrictions or conservative opinions on the implementation of the plan. In order for the local citizens of a nation to understand the concept of international trade, the following program would be the best plan in support international business managing. Long-term Plans 1. Allocation of resources into the educational and training programs in international business 2. Enforcement of local business which may in the end lead to acquiring of skills for international business 3. Developing policies that ensure that there is adequate supply of college graduates into the international business activities 4. Development of strong ties with international education partners Mid-term Plans 1. Giving rewards to those employees who perform well in international business activities 2. Provision of training to those people who have interest in higher positions than the current ones 3. Establishment of a committee that deals with the recruitment of people into the international business Short-term Plans 1. Creations of a specialized academic institution for international business 2. Having promotional campaigns that advocate for the importance of international business 3. Providing subsidies that will attract the people into the international business plan 4. Having career guidance sessions to citizens of a nation and clarifying to them all the benefits of international business With the above plan, it will be possible for people to understand the importance of international business to themselves and also to their nation. References Janardhan, M. (2003). Foreigners going for low-paid jobs: UAE’s ‘Emiratization’ drive, retrieved 9 May 2010 from: http://www. dawn. com/2003/08/27/int13. htm Chilton, J. B. (2005). Viability of ‘Emiratization’ stirs debate. Retrieved 9 May 2010 from: http://emirateseconomist. blogspot. com/2005/02/viability-of-emiratization-stirs. html â€Å"du boosts Emiratization drive at senior management level with two appointments†. (2008). Retrieved 9 May 2010 from: http://www. ameinfo. com/170756. html â€Å"Have your say: Emiratization move†. (2009). Gulf News Web Report. Retrieved 9 May 2010 from: http://gulfnews. com/opinions/your-say/have-your-say-emiratisation-move-1. 242277 Nagraj, A. (2009). Where do the Emiratis want to work? Retrieved 9 May 2010 from: http://www. kippreport. com/2009/03/where-do-the-emiratis-want-to-work/ Pech, B. (2009). â€Å"Emiratization: aligning education with future needs in the United Arab

Milk Brands In Mauritius

Milk Brands In Mauritius Literature review is a critical and an evaluative summary of the themes, issues, and arguments of a specific clearly defined research topic. The aim of this chapter is to review the points of findings about the title how milk brands affect the purchasing decisions of consumers. 2.1 Brief History on Milk Brands in Mauritius Mauritius imports milk powders from Australia and New Zealand. The milk powders have different brand names such as Farmland, Twin cow and others all depend the countries, which it come from. Once it reaches the home country, it is being channeled to two or more industries in Mauritius for its packaging. Then, it is being sold in bulk to shops, super and hypermarkets. Companies such as Innodis Ltd, ISO Pack Ltd, Eden vale Distributors Ltd, and other pack the different milk brands and distribute them. However, Mauritius imports milk from other countries because its consumption has rapidly been increased. In addition, importation of milk is becoming necessary for Mauritius due to increase in demand of branded milk by Mauritian clients. Regardless to the price and quantity, quality of the product has always been the main factor for customers in their product selection. Branding plays a key role in the recognition of the product. The annual consumption of milk in Mauritius is approximately nine millions litres which is equivalent to 12% of the total consumption of different brand names (Hulman et al., 1990). There is a rise in the demand for milk in Mauritius. In 2013, the Mauritian customers are moving towards mostly Farmland due to its quality and advertisement on T.V and radio. In our island, the brand names for milk have substitutes due to the different brand names available on the market. Thus, if we are not satisfied with a particular milk brand, we always have the choice to opt for another brand. According to AGA Webmaster FOA (2013), the aim is to ensure milk brand marketed in Mauritius are affordable and the emphasis on Human Resources Development (H.R.D) and provision of inputs and services to enhance production and milk brand processing to facilitate marketing in Mauritius. In the year 1971, the Milk and Meat Project Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) interpreted that, there is a lack of supplement limited milk production. Furthermore, it was not determined whether it was energy or protein in the supplement that was important, and the basal diet of cane tops and grasses was not evaluated. The FAO has proved that milk yield could be increased significantly by better feeding and management. 2.2 Elements That Influences Consumers Towards Milk Brand Through advertising, design and media commentary milk brands have made its place in the market in Mauritius. This leads branding to give an image of the product to consumers to make a purchasing decision. As per Pearce (2013), the elements that influence consumers are as follows: NAME LOGO TASTE FONTS COLOR SCHEME PACKAGE GRAPHICS SHAPES These points above shared an advance information about implicit values, ideas, benefits and as well as it developed the personality of the consumers while buying the product. Consumers face purchasing decisions nearly every day. Hence, they established a willingness to purchase brand products. Consumers purchasing decisions of brand milk have created certain attributes and interactions in recent years using several methods by means of both qualitative and quantitative (Anon, n.d). 2.3 The Importance Of Branding When Consumers Take Purchasing Decision According to Kotler (1994), Branding is the best way to establish the authority, niche and credibility and authority of individual and business. In other words branding is not only convenient for business or for repeated customer but also easier for others to filter out the countless generic items. The bargaining power of Mauritius is limited. Recently, in an article published on the website businessmega, it was found that about 10,000 metric tons of milk powder is imported on a yearly basis depending on demand and consumption, which is less in quantity in comparison to other countries. The Executive director of La Trobe ltd, Mr. L. Wong and the supplier of Snowy milk stated that local distributors have the entire influence over the prices (Anon, 2011). The importance of branding is as follows: Branding communicates information about the business. Share all types of information about the product to the market. It establishes an identity in order for consumers to recognize the product very well. Branding gives consumers the assurance that the entire products they buy are trustful and enable positive responses from the latter. Branding gives a strategic position in the market and through this, company eventually leads to increased profits. Branding shows an advance details for example: Cost of the products Packaging Marketing and advertising strategies Distribution channels and so on. Branding is the powerful factor in marketing, which helps consumers in taking purchasing decision. When the client is satisfied with a given branded product, they tend to revert to the same brand supplier, (Badgujar (Roll No.04)). 2.4 Brand Awareness To Consumers Donald (2010) defined brand awareness as the customers ability to recall and recognize the brand under different conditions and link to the brand name, logo, and so on to certain associations in memory. That is brand awareness encompasses both brand recognition and brand recall. It helps the customers to understand to which product or service category the particular brand belongs and what products and services are sold under the brand name. It also ensures that customers know which of their needs are satisfied by the brand through its products. Brand awareness is of critical importance since customers will not consider a particular brand if they are not aware of it (Donald, 2010). However, Epstein (1977) argued that human and brand personality traits share the same conceptualization but they differentiate in terms of how they are created. There are three types of brand awareness, which are as follows: Top-of-Mind Awareness occurs when the companys brand is what pops into a consumers mind when asked to name brands in a product category. For example, when someone is asked to name a type of facial tissue, the common answer is Kleenex, which is a top-of-mind brand. Aided Awareness occurs when a consumer reads a list of brands, and expresses familiarity with companys brand only after they hear or see it as a type of memory aide. Strategic Awareness occurs when the companys brand is not only top-of-mind to consumers, but also has distinctive qualities that stick out to consumers as making it better than the other brands in your market. These three types of awareness above inform consumers about some objectives that a good brand of milk product will achieve include: Motivates the buyers Concretes user loyalty Delivers the message clearly Connects the consumers target prospects emotionally Confirms the consumers credibility In Mauritius, almost everyone consumes branded milk such as Anchor, Farmland, Snowy, Red Cow, and others on a daily basis. 2.5 Milk Brand Production And Milk Pricing Branding can result in higher sales of other types and varieties of product associated with a specific branded product. Branding should also analyze by more than the difference between the actual cost of a product and its selling price and they represent the sum of all valuable qualities of a product to the consumer. The branding concept here is taking into account complexity of human behavior and benefit of consumers. Our country import milk from various countries that increase the consumption and the productivity of dairy product in Mauritius. Other countries such as Europe, Australia, and New Zealand and so on are also the exporters for Mauritius. Europe produces milk, New Zealand produces Red Cow and Australia produces Snowy milk, Farmland, Dolly and Anchor. Furthermore, the price hike of imported milk is forcing people to diminish consumption. Multiple actors show the situation will not improve and local production is the only way out. 80% of the milk consumed in Mauritius comes from Australia and New Zealand by Olivier Masson, 2 July 2007 Port Louis. According to Lake (n.d), branding is ones identity in the marketplace. She stated that, it is crucial to realize that packaging always either has a negative or positive influence on the buyer. A negative impression can detour a potential client, just like a positive reaction can influence a customer to buy. She also said that one should pay special attention to packaging when a new brand is launch. This is because many people often do not pay close attention to the packaging if it is a popular brand. How can you package your brand so that it is an integral part of your business and represents a strong identity? Keep in mind that we are not speaking that packaging has only a box, which contains a product, but as a medium, that reflects your companys brand and image. The following common business tools represent packaging: Business cards and stationery Web site Answering system Email address Food packaging is packaging for food. It requires protection, tampering resistance, and special physical, chemical, or biological needs. Milk plays an important role in peoples goal of eating healthily and having an active lifestyle. Milk manufacturers therefore are riding this trend by introducing milk brands that are aimed at health-conscious people. Extracted from the Inspiration Hive, Daily Inspiration on July 9, 2012. With the statement, packaging is a way of formulating a feasible marketing strategy for milk brand. The products presentation leads to a competitive pricing policy and a well-planned advertising campaign will convince consumers to purchase the branded milk. 2.5.2 Preservation In Mauritius, almost everyone consumes branded milk such as Anchor, Farmland, Snowy, Red Cow, and others on a daily basis. Thus, branded milk imported in bulk from other countries and conservation plays is a major factor during these periods. The process of Ultra-high temperature takes place. That is, milk preserved by UHT processing does not need to refrigerate before opening and has a longer shelf life than milk in ordinary packaging. It is sold unrefrigerated in the UK, Europe, Latin America, and Australia. This process helps trade to take place and fulfill the choice, needs, and wants of consumers. 2.6 The Objectives Of Brand In Purchasing Decision Branding is a way to communicate to consumers about the types of products available in the markets. This gives rise to some objectives that should be taken into consideration while dealing with consumers, (Kotler et al. 2001). The objectives that branding should achieve include: Delivers the message clearly Confirms consumers credibility Connects consumers target prospects emotionally Motivates the buyer Concretes user Loyalty Therefore, to succeed in branding, companies must understand the needs and wants of customers and prospects stated by Kotler and Armstrong, 2008. Therefore, by integrating the companys brand strategies through the company at every point of public contact will lead to an increase in demands of products stated by Laura Lake. Taking into consideration the objectives of brand milk in purchasing decisions, marketers also focus in marketing strategies which are; promotion and promotion mix, tools of promotion, advertising and gaining the market share. 2.6.1 Promotion And Promotion Mix Based on Kotler, 1994, promotion is the fourth marketing mix tool. It is the different activities that companies undertake to communicate and promote its products to the target market. Nowadays, companies hire advertising agencies to develop effective advertisements, sales promotion specialist to design buying-incentive programs, direct marketing specialists to build database and interact with consumers and prospect by mail and telephone, public relation firms to supply product publicity and finally develop corporate image of the brand. Furthermore, the promotion mix consists of five major tools referring to Kotler, 1994, are as follows: Advertising Direct marketing Sales Promotion Public Relation and Publicity Personal Selling McCharty 1982, p.37, stated that promotion is concerned with telling the target market about the right product. Promotion includes personal selling, mass selling, and sales promotion. Through the statement of Kotler and McCharty, the aim of purchasing brand milk will lead to an effective measure to make better purchasing decisions. 2.6.2 TOOLS Of PROMOTION The four main tools of promotion are advertising, public relation, direct marketing and sales promotion which convey the message to the consumers. Advertising includes any paid forms of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor. In contrast, public relations focus on building good relations with the company by obtaining favorable unpaid publicity. Direct marketing is any form of personal presentation by the firms sales force for the purposes of making sales and building customer relationships. Firms use sales promotion to provide short-time incentives to encourage the purchase or sale of products or services, stated by Armstrong and Kilter, 1999. Tools of promotion encourage and motivate consumers to purchase brand milk along the benefits providing to them. 2.6.3 Advertising According to Armstrong and Kotler (1999), regardless to the budget size, advertising can succeed only if commercials gain attention and communicate well. Good advertising messages are especially important in todays costly and cluttered advertising environment. Two steps are involved: Firstly, creating effective advertising strategies begins with identifying customer benefits that can be use as advertising appeals. Secondly, to develop a compelling creative concept that will bring the message to life in a distinctive and memorable way. Advertising is also the integral part of our social and economic system. In other words, it is a co commitment of modern marketing, which helps the consumers at least in three ways to purchase brand milk, which are as follows: It acts as driving force in decision making. It ensures better quality products as reasonable prices. It saves good deal of time. 2.6.4 Gaining The Market Share Referring to Kilter, 1988, gaining market share is a key factor in reaching a leadership or number one position in any industry. However, gaining significant share requires careful planning, thoughtful well-executed market strategies, and specific account-by-account practical plans. Gaining market share is an extremely important component in the promotion of marketing strategies. Thus, it is difficult for a company to obtain loyalty without gaining high market share. Kilter (1988) also suggested that the five major strategies, which consist of price, new product, service, strength, and quality of marketing, advertising, and sales promotion, are important for a company. 2.7 Factors Of Brand Positioning Positioning is how a product appears in relation to other products in the market. It is one of the main factors that affect consumers perceptions of the milk brand. Brand positioning can help make or break a product depending on the effectiveness of its execution, (subtracted from brand by social). The factors of brand positioning are as follows: 1. Brand Attributes What the brand delivers through features and benefits to consumers? 2. Consumer Expectations What consumers expect to receive from the brand? 3. Competitor attributes What the other brands in the market offer through features and benefits to consumers? 4. Price Price is an easy quantifiable factor and as well as the prices to compete with other companies. 5. Consumer perceptions The perceived quality and value of the companys brand in consumers minds (i.e., does the companys brand offer the cheap solution, the good value for the money solution, the high-end, high-price tag solution and so on ), mentioned by Aaker and Keller 1990, Aaker and Keller 1992, Sunde and Brodie 1993, Dacin and Smith 1994, Bottomley and Dolye 1996. So, this take some time to create a thorough picture of the current market and how the companys brand fits in that market to determine the companys brands current position. If that is not the position you want for the companys brand, take the necessary steps to change it based on the gaps defined when the company analyzed the five factors above. 2.8 Milk Production In Mauritius Currently, in Mauritius we are producing 12% of our local milk production that is 12million liters per year. The government of Mauritius has been encouraging farmers to engage in milk production by providing loans facilities of up to Rs 50,000 per head (with 5% interest). Through this initiative, local milk production has increased slightly over the past years (local milk production was 2% in 2003). However, there are still several challenges faced by breeders and entrepreneurs in the diary industry: the main challenge is the high cost of production, mention in 2013 Nawsheens World, templates: Monday, October 31, 2011. Mauritius produces a few milk brands, which are as follows: Island Dairy Ole Twin Cows Candia Maurilait Over the past years, the cost of production has been continuously increasing mainly because of the price of animal feeds, hence reducing profitability in the business. Milk production will mainly depend on: Management of feeding programs Calf and heifer management Reproductive management of dairy cows Milking management Other husbandry practices related to animal health and welfare, housing, environment and bio-security measures, (2013 Nawsheens World, templates: Monday, October 31, 2011). However, as long as local suppliers cannot sustain our domestic market, no other stuff than milk is more linked with the drawbacks of globalization. 80% of the milk consumed in Mauritius comes from New Zealand and Australia, explains Jean-Cyril Monty, the officer in charge of the diversification desk at the Mauritius Chamber of Agriculture. The latter also suggested that, now that the price has risen by 40% since the beginning of the year 2007, people are diminishing their consumption. This rise in price, which he believes will continue with another 30% by the end of the year, is related to multiple factors outside our control. 2.8.1 Findings On Production Of Milk In Mauritius The quantity of milk produced by the village cows in this experiment (9.2 kg/d during 300 days) is higher than the average production of between 3.5 and 9.2 kg/d reported for the Government stations where cow feed is fed at the rate of 0.5 kg/kg milk. It is also relevant to compare it with the milk production of unsupplemented village cows (4 to 5 kg/d for a lactation period of around 225 days). Although there were only 23 (about 25%) Creole cows in the study their milk production potential appeared to be equal to the more exotic genotypes with a daily mean of 9.6 and 8.3 kg per head for a 301- day lactation in the Vacoas and Mapou areas respectively. This indicates that under these village conditions the Creole breed has a similar performance to the imported Friesians or their crosses. Mauritius milk production can sum up in the following ways: The village cattle breeders own about 11000 females over one year of age. This represents about 65% of the female national herd in this age group. The cattle are a side-line activity of the family. There are normally one to two cows per farm No forage is specifically cultivated for the cows. Forage sources include sugar cane tops, and shrubs and grasses, which are found on roadsides and on common land. The housing and shelter of the tethered animals is often rudimentary. Milk is sold to neighbours or to small scale (20 25 l/d) milk sellers who then distribute the milk. There is little or no use of concentrate feeds as supplements to the hand-collected forage. The cattle are a mixture of the local Creole breed and Friesians. Artificial insemination is subsidised by the Government and is widely used. Milk production is generally low (1200 1500 liters per lactation). There are generally relatively short lactations (about 225 250 days) and long calving intervals (15 18 months). On the basis that the small breeders make a major contribution to national production of fresh milk the work reported here was designed to investigate the extent to which productivity in this sector could be improved. As far back as 1956, Bennie reported that the local Creole cattle could double their milk production with improved feeding. In 1971, an FAO project on Milk and Meat Production suggested that the most important factor limiting milk production was the supply of a protein concentrate to the cow. This FAO project also demonstrated that milk yield could be increased considerably by better feeding and management. (By A A Boodoo, R Ramjee, B Hulman, F Dolberg* and J B Rome*). More recently, Dolberg and Rowe (1984), in reviewing experimental work done by the Mauritian Ministry of Agriculture on milk production, concluded that under local conditions greatest responses in milk production would be expected from protein supplementation. They referred to the work of Mapoon et al (1977) which showed that ground nut cake was more efficient then either a balanced concentrate feed, or a molasses/urea mixture, as a supplement for milk production; and to that of Gaya et al (1982) who reported that supplementation with cottonseed cake increased milk production more effectively than the formulated concentrate [emailprotected] In fact, similar increases in milk production were achieved with about half the level of cotton seed cake as commercial concentrate. A second advantage of cottonseed cake as a supplementary feed is that it requires no mixing. The project described here was designed to investigate and compare the effect of two types of supplements: the commercial concentrate [emailprotected] and the protein-rich cotton seed cake. In addition to the measurements of milk production the study provided the opportunity to investigate, the nutritive value of the most commonly used feed resources (see Boodoo et al 1990). Factors Influencing Brand Preference Kotler (1988) identified affective means of increasing market share as a primary means of achieving competitive advantage in both existing and new customers and stagnant markets. Brand preference is also known as brand adoption. Lalit S. Badgujar (Roll No.04) stated that, people begin to develop preferences at early ages. Brand preference represents which brands are preferred under assumptions of equality in price and availability. Cooper (1993) noted that most innovations come with high risks as most of them failed in the marketplace creating the need for marketers to have a clear understanding of success factors in brand adoption. Theories of adoption have often been used to explain how consumers form references for various goods and services (Rogers, 1995; Tornasky and Klein, 1982; Mason, 1990; Charlotte, 1999). Generally, these theories emphasize on the importance of complexity, compatibility, observability, triability, relative advantage, risk, cost, communicability, divisibility, profitability, social approval, and product characteristics in brand preference (Wee, 2003). The relative importance of each factor depends on the nature of industry under consideration, location, and social characteristics of the consumers of the different brands. In this study, we have focused on four main factors, which the customer depends upon while selecting the brand, which are as follows: 2.9.1 Price Price is a factor, which the consumer may depend while selecting a brand in any kind of product. Most of the consumers may give first preference to quality than the other factors. However, price can have an influence for the final decision of the consumer. If there are two or more brands, for a particular product, the manufacturers will reduce the price in order to attract the consumer but still the consumer must see the quality provided. 2.9.2 Quality In addition, quality of product is another key factor during product selection. Especially in the case of milk, we should depend upon than any other factors the quality. High quality will give us a good health. Pasteurization will also conduct in order to maintain the quality of the milk. The quality of the milk should be good to attract the customers, Kilter (1988). 2.9.3 Services Service is an important factor, which the customer is influenced in the modern market. Placing the orders in the right time at the right place is the part of good servicing. 2.9.4 Advertisement Advertising as a powerful technique of sales promotion has been doing wonders in the domain distribution because it is quite capable of influencing the course of consumption, affecting the process of production, enlarging the exchange and diversify the distribution. That is why it is said that advertising is the arch median lever that motivates the world of commerce and industry. It has the pride of the place in framework of dynamic marketing. The role of advertising in the modern business world can be analyzed from five distinct angles namely manufacturer, intermediaries, sales force, consumers and the society. The ultimate aim of all marketing efforts is to satisfy the needs of the consumers by transforming the benefits of productive efficiency to the final users. 2.10 Conclusion To conclude, this chapter is mainly about branding that is, its importance, concepts, positioning and so on. According to Shimp (2007), consumers represent the starting point for all marketing activities. Therefore, in this part of the project, it is viewed how to communicate with customers and send them feedback about the types of products available in the market. In the literature review, different parts have described in details to make a good analysis and choice for milk brand selection.